Tugas discassion text About Handphone
Nama
: azwar
Kelas
:XII IPS2
Tugas
: B. Inggris
Handphone –
Handphone is a device that can
make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide
geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a
mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast,
a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private
base station.
In addition to telephony, modern mobile
phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging,
MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared,
Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that
offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as
smartphones.
The first hand-held mobile phone was
demonstrated by Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing
around 1 kg. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially
available. In the twenty years from 1990 to 2010, worldwide mobile phone
subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 4.6 billion, penetrating the
developing economies and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.
History Handphone
Radiophones have a long and varied
history going back to Reginald Fessenden’s invention and shore-to-ship
demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military
use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s.
The first mobile telephone call made
from a car occurred in St. Louis, Missouri, USA on June 17, 1946, using the
Bell System’s Mobile Telephone Service. In 1956, the world’s first partly
automatic car phone system, Mobile System A (MTA), was launched in Sweden. MTA
phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and had a weight of 40 kg.
Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher
and executive is considered to be the inventor of the first practical mobile
phone for handheld use in a non-vehicle setting, after a long race against Bell
Labs for the first portable mobile phone. Using a modern, if somewhat heavy
portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on
April 3, 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.
The world’s first commercial automated
cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the
metropolitan area of Tokyo. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous
launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway
and Sweden. The first 1G network launched in the USA was Chicago-based
Ameritech in 1983 using the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone. Several countries
then followed in the early-to-mid 1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada.
In 1991, the second generation (2G)
cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard,
which sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the
incumbent 1G network operators.
Ten years later, in 2001, the third
generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This
was followed by 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed
packet access (HSPA) family, allowing UMTS networks to have higher data
transfer speeds and capacity.
Features Handphone
All mobile phones have a number of
features in common, but manufacturers also try to differentiate their own
products by implementing additional functions to make them more attractive to
consumers. This has led to great innovation in mobile phone development over
the past 20 years.
The common components found on all
phones are:
·
A battery, providing the power source
for the phone functions.
·
An input mechanism to allow the user to
interact with the phone. The most common input mechanism is a keypad, but touch
screens are also found in some high-end smartphones.
·
Basic mobile phone services to allow
users to make calls and send text messages.
·
All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow
an account to be swapped among devices. Some CDMA devices also have a similar
card called a R-UIM.
·
Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some
satellite phone devices are uniquely identified by an International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI) number.
Low-end mobile phones are often
referred to as feature phones, and offer basic telephony. Handsets with more
advanced computing ability through the use of native software applications
became known as smartphones.
Several phone series have been
introduced to address a given market segment, such as the RIM BlackBerry
focusing on enterprise/corporate customer email needs; the SonyEricsson Walkman
series of musicphones and Cybershot series of cameraphones; the Nokia Nseries
of multimedia phones, the Palm Pre the HTC Dream and the Apple iPhone.
Text messaging Handphone
The most commonly used data application
on mobile phones is SMS text messaging. The first SMS text message was sent
from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first
person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.
The first mobile news service,
delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000. Mobile news services are
expanding with many organizations providing “on-demand” news services by SMS.
Some also provide “instant” news pushed out by SMS.
SIM Card Handphone
GSM mobile phones require a small
microchip called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM Card, to function. The SIM
card is approximately the size of a small postage stamp and is usually placed
underneath the battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores the
service-subscriber key (IMSI) used to identify a subscriber on mobile telephony
devices (such as mobile phones and computers). The SIM card allows users to
change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and
inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband telephony device.
The first SIM card was made in 1991 by
Munich smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the Finnish wireless network
operator Radiolinja. Giesecke & Devrient sold the first 300 SIM cards to
Elisa (ex. Radiolinja).
Multi-card hybrid Handphone
A hybrid mobile phone can take more
than one SIM card, even of different types. The SIM and RUIM cards can be mixed
together, and some phones also support three or four SIMs.
From 2010 onwards they became popular
in India and Indonesia and other emerging markets, attributed to the desire to
obtain the lowest on-net calling rate. In Q3 2011, Nokia shipped 18 million of
its low cost dual SIM phone range in an attempt to make up lost ground in the
higher end smartphone market.
Mobile Handphone Operators
The world’s largest individual mobile
operator by subscribers is China Mobile with over 500 million mobile phone
subscribers. Over 50 mobile operators have over 10 million subscribers each,
and over 150 mobile operators had at least one million subscribers by the end
of 2009. In February 2010, there were 4.6 billion mobile phone subscribers, a
number that is expected to grow.
Manufacturers Handphone
Prior to 2010, Nokia was the market
leader. However, during that year competition emerged in the Asia Pacific
region with brands such as Micromax, Nexian, and i-Mobile and chipped away at
Nokia’s market share. Android powered smartphones also gained momentum across
the region at the expense of Nokia. In India, their market share also dropped
significantly to around 31 percent from 56 percent in the same period. Their
share was displaced by Chinese and Indian vendors of low-end mobile phones.
In 2010 worldwide sales were 1.6
billion units, an increase of 31.8 percent from 2009. The top five
manufacturers by market share were Nokia followed by Samsung, LG Electronics,
ZTE and Apple. The last three replaced RIM, Sony Ericsson and Motorola who were
previously among the top five list. Outside the top five a significant market
share increase from 16.5 percent to 30.6 percent was achieved by many smaller
and new brands.
In Q1 2011, Apple surpassed Nokia as
the world’s biggest handset vendor by revenue, as Nokia’s market share dropped
to 29 percent in Q1 2011, the lowest level since the late 1990s. In June 2011,
Nokia announced lower expectations for sales and margin due to global
competition in both low-and-high end markets. By Q2 2011, worldwide sales grew
16.5 percent to 428.7 million units.
Other manufacturers outside the top
five are Research In Motion Ltd. (RIM), HTC Corporation, Motorola, Huawei, Sony
Ericsson. Smaller players include Audiovox (now UTStarcom), BenQ-Siemens, CECT,
Fujitsu, Kyocera, Mitsubishi Electric, NEC, Panasonic, Palm, Pantech Wireless
Inc., Philips, Qualcomm Inc., Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Sierra Wireless, Just5, SK
Teletech, T&A Alcatel, Trium, Toshiba, and Vidalco.
Use of Handphone
Handphone In general
Mobile phones are used for a variety of
purposes, including keeping in touch with family members, conducting business,
and having access to a telephone in the event of an emergency. Some people
carry more than one cell phone for different purposes, such as for business and
personal use. Multiple SIM cards may also be used to take advantage of the
benefits of different calling plans—a particular plan might provide cheaper
local calls, long-distance calls, international calls, or roaming. The mobile
phone has also been used in a variety of diverse contexts in society, for
example:
·
A study by Motorola found that one in
ten cell phone subscribers have a second phone that often is kept secret from
other family members. These phones may be used to engage in activities
including extramarital affairs or clandestine business dealings.
·
Some organizations assist victims of
domestic violence by providing mobile phones for use in emergencies. They are
often refurbished phones.
·
The advent of widespread text messaging
has resulted in the cell phone novel; the first literary genre to emerge from
the cellular age via text messaging to a website that collects the novels as a
whole.
·
Mobile telephony also facilitates
activism and public journalism being explored by Reuters and Yahoo! and small
independent news companies such as Jasmine News in Sri Lanka.
·
The United Nations reported that mobile
phones have spread faster than any other technology and can improve the
livelihood of the poorest people in developing countries by providing access to
information in places where landlines or the Internet are not available,
especially in the least developed countries. Use of mobile phones also spawns a
wealth of micro-enterprises, by providing work, such as selling airtime on the
streets and repairing or refurbishing handsets
·
In Mali and other African countries,
people travel from village to village to let friends and relatives know about
weddings, births and other events, which is avoided if the villages are within
mobile phone coverage areas. In many African countries, mobile phone coverage
is greater than land line penetration, so most people own a mobile phone. In
the smaller villages without electricity, phones are recharged using a solar
panel or motorcycle battery.
·
The TV industry has recently started
using mobile phones to drive live TV viewing through mobile apps, advertising,
social tv, and mobile TV. 86% of Americans use their mobile phone while
watching TV.
·
In parts of the world, mobile phone
sharing is common. It is prevalent in urban India, as families and groups of
friends often share one or more mobiles among their members. There are obvious
economic benefits, but often familial customs and traditional gender roles play
a part.] For example, in Burkina Faso, it is not uncommon for a village to have
access to only one mobile phone. The phone is typically owned by a person who
is not natively from the village, such as a teacher or missionary, but it is
expected that other members of the village are allowed to use the cell phone to
make necessary calls
Handphone For distributing content
In 1998, one of the first examples of
distributing and selling media content through the mobile phone was the sale of
ringtones by Radiolinja in Finland. Soon afterwards, other media content
appeared such as news, video games, jokes, horoscopes, TV content and
advertising. Most early content for mobile tended to be copies of legacy media,
such as the banner advertisement or the TV news highlight video clip. Recently,
unique content for mobile has been emerging, from the ringing tones and
ringback tones in music to “mobisodes,” video content that has been produced
exclusively for mobile phones.
In 2006, the total value of
mobile-phone-paid media content exceeded Internet-paid media content and was
worth 31 billion dollars. The value of music on phones was worth 9.3 billion
dollars in 2007 and gaming was worth over 5 billion dollars in 2007.
The advent of media on the mobile phone
has also produced the opportunity to identify and track alpha users or hubs,
the most influential members of any social community. AMF Ventures measured in
2007 the relative accuracy of three mass media, and found that audience
measures on mobile were nine times more accurate than on the Internet and 90
times more accurate than on TV.
Handphone Whilst driving
Mobile phone use while driving is
common but controversial. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has
been shown to increase the risk of accident. Because of this, many
jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. Egypt, Israel,
Japan, Portugal and Singapore ban both handheld and hands-free use of a mobile
phone; others —including the UK, France, and many U.S. states—ban handheld
phone use only, allowing hands-free use.
Due to the increasing complexity of
mobile phones, they are often more like mobile computers in their available
uses. This has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials
in distinguishing one usage from another as drivers use their devices. This is
more apparent in those countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage,
rather those who have banned handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell
which function of the mobile phone is being used simply by looking at the
driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally
on a phone call when, in fact, they were using the device for a legal purpose
such as the phone’s incorporated controls for car stereo or satnav.
A recently published study has reviewed
the incidence of mobile phone use while cycling and its effects on behaviour
and safety.
Handphone In schools
Some schools limit or restrict the use
of mobile phones. Schools set restrictions on the use of mobile phones because
of the use of cell phones for cheating on tests, harassment and bullying,
causing threats to the schools security, distractions to the students, and
facilitating gossip and other social activity in school. Many mobile phones are
banned in school locker room facilities, public restrooms and swimming pools
due to the built-in cameras that most phones now feature.
In many countries, mobile phones are
used to provide mobile banking services, which may include the ability to
transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya’s M-PESA mobile
banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator
Safaricom to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash may
be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets
located throughout the country, and may be transferred electronically from
person to person as well as used to pay bills to companies.
Branchless banking has also been
successful in South Africa and Philippines. A pilot project in Bali was
launched in 2011 by the International Finance Corporation and an Indonesian
bank Bank Mandiri.
Another application of mobile banking
technology is Zidisha, a US-based nonprofit microlending platform that allows
residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from web users
worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments,
transferring funds from lenders in the United States to the borrowers in rural
Africa using the internet and mobile phones.
Mobile payments were first trialled in
Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in Espoo were enabled to
work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999 the Philippines
launched the first commercial mobile payments systems, on the mobile operators
Globe and Smart.
Some mobile phone can make mobile
payments via direct mobile billing schemes or through contactless payments if
the phone and point of sale support near field communication (NFC). This
requires the co-operation of manufacturers, network operators and retail
merchants to enable contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones.
Tracking and privacy Handphone
Mobile phones are also commonly used to
collect location data. While the phone is turned on, the geographical location
of a mobile phone can be determined easily (whether it is being used or not),
using a technique known multilateration to calculate the differences in time
for a signal to travel from the cell phone to each of several cell towers near
the owner of the phone.
The movements of a mobile phone user
can be tracked by their service provider and, if desired, by law enforcement
agencies and their government. Both the SIM card and the handset can be
tracked.
China has proposed using this
technology to track commuting patterns of Beijing city residents.[45] In the UK
and US, law enforcement and intelligence services use mobiles to perform
surveillance. They possess technology to activate the microphones in cell
phones remotely in order to listen to conversations that take place near to the
person who holds the phone.
Health effects Handphone
The effect mobile phone radiation has
on human health is the subject of recent interest and study, as a result of the
enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world. Mobile phones use
electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range, which some believe may be
harmful to human health. A large body of research exists, both epidemiological
and experimental, in non-human animals and in humans, of which the majority
shows no definite causative relationship between exposure to mobile phones and
harmful biological effects in humans. This is often paraphrased simply as the
balance of evidence showing no harm to humans from mobile phones, although a
significant number of individual studies do suggest such a relationship, or are
inconclusive. Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication
networks, produce similar radiation.
On 31 May 2011, the World Health
Organization confirmed that mobile phone use may represent a long-term health
risk, classifying mobile phone radiation as a “carcinogenic hazard” and
“possibly carcinogenic to humans” after a team of scientists reviewed
peer-review studies on cell phone safety. One study of past cell phone use
cited in the report showed a “40% increased risk for gliomas (brain cancer) in
the highest category of heavy users (reported average: 30 minutes per day over
a 10‐year period).”This
is a reversal from their prior position that cancer was unlikely to be caused
by cellular phones or their base stations and that
reviews had found no convincing evidence for other health effects. Certain
countries, including France, have warned against the use of cell phones
especially by minors due to health risk uncertainties.
At least some recent studies have found
an association between cell phone use and certain kinds of brain and salivary
gland tumors. Lennart Hardell and other authors of a 2009 meta-analysis of 11
studies from peer-reviewed journals concluded that cell phone usage for at
least ten years “approximately doubles the risk of being diagnosed with a brain
tumor on the same (‘ipsilateral’) side of the head as that preferred for cell
phone use.”
In addition, a mobile phone can spread
infectious diseases by its frequent contact with hands. One study came to the
result that pathogenic bacteria are present on approximately 40% of mobile
phones belonging to patients in a hospital, and on approximately 20% of mobile
phones belonging to hospital staff.
Future evolution: broadband fourth
generation (4G)
The recently released 4th generation,
also known as Beyond 3G, aims to provide broadband wireless access with nominal
data rates of 100 Mbit/s to fast moving devices, and 1 Gbit/s to stationary
devices defined by the ITU-R
4G systems may be based on the 3GPP LTE
(Long Term Evolution) cellular standard, offering peak bit rates of 326.4
Mbit/s. It may perhaps also be based on WiMax or Flash-OFDM wireless
metropolitan area network technologies that promise broadband wireless access
with speeds that reaches 233 Mbit/s for mobile users. The radio interface in
these systems is based on all-IP packet switching, MIMO diversity,
multi-carrier modulation schemes, Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA) and
channel-dependent scheduling. A 4G system should be a complete replacement for
current network infrastructure and is expected to be able to provide a
comprehensive and secure IP solution where voice, data, and streamed multimedia
can be given to users on a “Anytime, Anywhere” basis, and at much higher data
rates than previous generations.
In March 2011, KT from South Korea
announced that they has expanded its high-speed wireless broadband network by
4G WiBro cover 85 percent of the population. It is the largest broadband
network covered in the world, followed by Japan and US with 70 percent and 36
percent respectively.
In early 2011, 4G mobile phones were
released by Motorola, HTC and Samsung.
Environmental
impact Handphone
Studies have shown that around 40-50%
of the environmental impact of a mobile phone occurs during the manufacturing
of the printed wiring boards and integrated circuits. After purchase, the
average user then replaces their mobile phone every 11 to 18 months. The
discarded phones then contribute to electronic waste.
Mobile phone manufacturers within
Europe are subject to the WEEE directive. Australia introduced a mobile phone
recycling scheme.
